His paper "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology," published in 1896, is regarded as the first major work in the (Chicago) functionalist school of psychology. ĭewey was one of the primary figures associated with the philosophy of pragmatism and is considered one of the fathers of functional psychology. He asserted that complete democracy was to be obtained not just by extending voting rights but also by ensuring that there exists a fully formed public opinion, accomplished by communication among citizens, experts and politicians, with the latter being accountable for the policies they adopt. As Dewey himself stated in 1888, while still at the University of Michigan, "Democracy and the one, ultimate, ethical ideal of humanity are to my mind synonymous." Dewey considered two fundamental elements-schools and civil society-to be major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and plurality. The overriding theme of Dewey's works was his profound belief in democracy, be it in politics, education, or communication and journalism.
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